[RNE Rewrite] chore: upgrade react-native-worklets to 0.10.3 and remove patch - #1357

Description

• Upgrades react-native-worklets to 0.10.3 and react-native-reanimated to 4.5.3.
• Removes patches/react-native-worklets+0.9.1.patch as createSerializableArrayBufferView is supported natively upstream in 0.10.x.
• Updates peerDependencies in packages/react-native-executorch to "react-native-worklets": "^0.10.0".

Introduces a breaking change?

• Yes
• No

Type of change

• Bug fix (change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (change which adds functionality)
• Documentation update (improves or adds clarity to existing documentation)
• Other (chores, tests, code style improvements etc.)

Tested on

• iOS
• Android

Testing instructions

• Rebuild all example apps on both Android and iOS and verify no build errors.
• In CV app makes sure that style transfer async function works correctly on large image (quick sanity test that array buffer serialization works).

Screenshots

Related issues

Checklist

• I have performed a self-review of my code
• I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I have updated the documentation accordingly
• My changes generate no new warnings

Additional notes